El diploma europeu

Units o dividits per la diversitat?

Autors/ores

Resum

El 2024, la Comissió Europea va anunciar el darrer avenç de l'Espai Europeu de l'Educació: el Títol europeu. L'objectiu és crear un nou tipus de titulació que serà reconeguda automàticament a tota la UE. Aquest projecte respon a diverses tendències que s'observen actualment. Per exemple, la consolidació de l’economia del coneixement; la necessitat d’assolir l’autonomia estratègica; i la urgència de combatre les creixents desigualtats socials, que contribueixen a crear societats polaritzades.

Analitzar el Títol europeu des d'una perspectiva sociològica posa en evidència la seva naturalesa paradoxal. El Títol busca ser inclusiu i fomentar la identitat europea, però, és intrínsecament exclusiu. Això és degut a dos dels requisits del programa: el multilingüisme i la mobilitat internacional. Aquest article mostrarà com, si bé aquests elements poden beneficiar els estudiants, també poden reproduir dinàmiques discriminatòries. S'atendrà a la comprensió de com l'origen social pot afectar l'aprenentatge de llengües i la possibilitat de fer mobilitats internacionals.

Paraules clau

Inclusió, Igualtat d'oportunitats, Accés, Títol Europeu, Educació superior, Educació transnacional

Referències

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdullah, A.; Doucouliagos, H. & Manning, E. (2013). Does education reduce income inequality? A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(2), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12056

Adamczyk, M. & Rutkowska, P. (2021). The Clash Between China and the United States and Security in the Asia-Pacific Region - A Security Dilemma, a Balance of Power, and the Bandwagon Effect. Studia Orientalne, 19(1), 57–76. https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/en/10-15804/studia-orientalne/1044-so2021/1045-so20211/6974-so2021104

Anghel, S.; Immenkamp, B.; Lazarou, E., Saulnier, J. L. & Wilson, A. B. (2020). On the path to “strategic autonomy”: The EU in an evolving geopolitical environment. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_STU(2020)652096

Ariño, A. (et al.) (2022). Via Universitària: Accés, condicions d’aprenentatge, expectatives i retorns dels estudis universitaris (2020-2022). Ser estudiant universitari avui. Xarxa Vives d’Universitats. https://cdn.vives.org/var/www/html/vives.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/11/files/2024/09/02131817/Via-Universitaria_2020-2022_Informe-General.pdf

Ballatore, M., & Ferede, M. K. (2013). The Erasmus Programme in France, Italy and the United Kingdom: Student Mobility as a Signal of Distinction and Privilege. European Educational Research Journal, 12(4), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2013.12.4.525

Beech, S. E. (2014). International student mobility: the role of social networks. Social & Cultural Geography, 16(3), 332–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.983961

Block, D. (2017). Social Class in Language in Education Research. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02249-9_11

Burneikaitė, G., Pocius, D., Potapova, E., Valasevičienė, S., Kriščiūnaitė, G., & Juzdzewski, L. (2021). The road towards a possible joint European Degree. Identifying opportunities and investigating the impact and feasibility of different approaches: final report. Publications Office of the EU. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/945147

Busemeyer, M., Garritzmann, J., & Neimanns, E. (2020). A loud but noisy signal?: Public opinion and education reform in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press.

Cairns, D. (2017). The Erasmus undergraduate exchange programme: a highly qualified success story? Children’s Geographies, 15(6), 728–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2017.1328485

Chancel, L. (2020). Unsustainable Inequalities. The Belknap Press.

Charles, C.; Black, R. & Keddie, A. (2020). “Doing great things for the world”: merit and the justice politics of young people receiving an elite educational scholarship. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 42(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2020.1749562

Corbett, A. (2006). Higher Education as a Form of European Integration: How Novel is the Bologna Process?. ARENA Working Papers. https://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arena-working-papers/2001-2010/2006/wp06_15.html

Findlay, A. M. (2011). An Assessment of Supply and Demand-side Theorizations of International Student Mobility. International Migration, 49(2), 162–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00643.x

Gaebel, M. & Zhang, T. (2018). Trends 2018: Learning and teaching in the European Higher Education Area. European University Association. https://www.eua.eu/publications/reports/trends-2018-learning-and-teaching-in-the-european-higher-education-area.html

Garau, G. Tola, A.: Camerada, M. V.; Lampreu, S. & Carrus, S. (2021). Economic and social polarization dynamics in the EU. CRENOS. https://crenos.unica.it/crenos/publications/economic-and-social-polarization-dynamics-eu

Granato, S., & Schnepf, S. V. (2024). Why are lower socioeconomic background students underrepresented in Erasmus? A focus on the selection into mobility and degree course organization. Studies in Higher Education, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2349963

Heriard, P (2021). Making the European Education Area a reality: state of affairs, challenges and prospects. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2021)652237

Hickel, J. (2018). The Divide: Global inequality from conquest to free markets. Norton & Company.

Kenway, J. (2014). Who’s your daddy? Myths of merit and elite education scholarships. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/whos-your-daddy-myths-of-merit-and-elite-education-scholarships-27165

Kortese, L. S. J. (2020). The Recognition of Qualifications in the EU: Blurring the Lines of Competences between the Internal Market and Education. Doctoral Thesis, Maastricht University. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20200528lk

López-Duarte, C.; Maley, J. F. & Vidal-Suárez, M. M. (2021). Main challenges to international student mobility in the European arena. Scientometrics, 126(11), 8957–8980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04155-y

Morel, N.; Palier, B. & Joakim Palme. (2012). Towards a social investment welfare state?: ideas, policies and challenges. Bristol University Press.

Ovchinnikova, E.; Mol, C. V. & Jones, E. (2022). The role of language proximity in shaping international student mobility flows. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 44(9), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2070132

Paye, J.C. (1997). Policies for a Knowledge-Based economy. OECD Observer, 1996(3). https://doi.org/10.1787/observer-v1996-3-en

Raleigh, S. R. (2022). Merit scholarships: Are they accessible for all students. East Carolina University. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/10822

Sandel, M. J. (2020). Tyranny of Merit : what’s become of the common good?. Penguin Random House.

Szymańska, A. (2021). Reducing Socioeconomic Inequalities in the European Union in the Context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 13(13), 7409. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137409

Thompson, T. S. (2011). From Bologna to Berlin 1999-2003: the initial steps of the Bologna Process and creation of the European Higher Education Area. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8727/

Vergolini, L. (2011). Social cohesion in Europe: How do the different dimensions of inequality affect social cohesion? International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715211405421

Vossensteyn, H., et al. (2010). Improving the participation in the Erasmus programme. Publications Office of the EU. https://doi.org/10.2861/44154

LEGISLATION AND OTHER OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

ACCIÓ (2023). Afectació de la situació a Israel i Palestina per a les empreses catalanes. https://www.accio.gencat.cat/ca/serveis/banc-coneixement/cercador/BancConeixement/ale-alertes-comerc-internacional-afectacio-empreses-catalanes-situacio-israel-palestina

Blueprint for a European degree. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social committee and the Committee of the Regions. https://doi.org/10.2766/496478

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, October 26, 2012. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012P%2FTXT

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a European strategy for universities (COM/2022/16 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2022:16:FIN

Consolidated version of the Treaty of the European Union, October 26, 2012. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2bf140bf-a3f8-4ab2-b506-fd71826e6da6.0023.02/DOC_1&format=PDF

Council conclusions on European teachers and trainers for the future (2020) 193/04 of the Council of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020XG0609(02)

Council conclusions on moving towards a vision of a European Education Area. (IO C 195, 7.6.2018, p. 7–1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018XG0607(01)

Council of Europe (2022, March 14). Tackling discrimination based on social origin Report1 Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=29882&lang=en

Council Recommendation of 26 November 2018 on promoting automatic mutual recognition of higher education and upper secondary education and training qualifications and the outcomes of learning periods abroad. OJ C 444, 10.12.2018, p. 1–8. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=oj:JOC_2018_444_R_0001

EU External Action (2022). Strategic Compass for Security and Defence. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/strategic-compass-security-and-defence-0_en

European Commission. (2021). The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan. Publications Office of the EU. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/empl/european-pillar-of-social-rights/downloads/KE0921008ENN.pdf

European Commission. (2022, September 19). Celebrating 35 years of the Erasmus programme. Press statement, European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5648

European Commission. (2024). Erasmus+ Programme Guide. Publications Office of the EU. https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2023-11/2024-Erasmus%2BProgramme-Guide_EN.pdf

European Education and Culture Executive Agency (2024). The European higher education area in 2024: Bologna process implementation report. Publications Office of the EU. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2797/483185

European Parliament (2024). Higher Education. Fact Sheets on the EU. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/140/higher-education

Flash Eurobarometer 414: Preferences of Europeans towards tourism. European Data (Created: 02.03.2015). https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2061_414_eng?locale=en

European Youth Portal. (2021, September 7). The recognition of higher education degrees in Europe. https://youth.europa.eu/go-abroad/studying/recognition-higher-education-degrees-europe_en

Eurostat. (2024, May). Educational attainment statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_statistics

Eurostat. (2024, June). Living Conditions in Europe - Poverty and Social Exclusion. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_poverty_and_social_exclusion&oldid=584082#:~:text=The%20risk%20of%20poverty%20and,of%20other%20socio%2Deconomic%20characteristics

Eurostat. (2024, December 11). Pupils enrolled in lower-secondary education by programme orientation, sex, type of institution and intensity of participation. Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/EDUC_UOE_ENRS01/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat (2024, December 12). Pupils enrolled in early childhood education by sex, type of institution and intensity of participation. https://www.econdb.com/dataset/EDUC_UOE_ENRP01/pupils-enrolled-in-early-childhood-education-by-sex-type-of-institution-and-intensity-of-participation/?FREQ=%5BA%5D&GEO=%5BAT,BE,BG,CY,CZ,DE,DK,EE,EL,ES,EU27_2020,FI,FR,HR,HU,IE,IT,LT,LU,LV,MT,NL,PL,PT,RO,SE,SI,SK%5D&ISCED11=%5BED02%5D&SECTOR=%5BTOT_SEC%5D&SEX=%5BT%5D&UNIT=%5BNR%5D&WORKTIME=%5BTOT_FTE%5D&from=2017-01-01&h=TIME&mode=Table&to=2022-01-01&v=Geopolitical+entity+%2528reporting%2529

Eurostudent.eu (2021). Obstacles to temporary enrolment abroad. https://database.eurostudent.eu/drm/?eust_nr=8&e=mobility_enrol_noplan_obstacle_financial_5&fg=all_students&country_list=AT%2CAZ%2CCH%2CCZ%2CDE%2CDK%2CEE%2CFI%2CFR%2CGE%2CHR%2CHU%2CIE%2CIS%2CLT%2CLV%2CMT%2CNL%2CNO%2CPL%2CPT%2CRO%2CSE%2CSK&Curr=NCU

Praesidium of the European Convention (2000). Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights (OJ C 303, 14.12.2007, p. 17–35). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=oj:JOC_2007_303_R_0017_01

JURISPRUDENCE

CJEU, Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1985. Françoise Gravier v City of Liège. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal de première instance de Liège - Belgium. Non-discrimination - Access to vocational training. Case 293/83. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61983CJ0293

ECHR, Case of Leyla Şahin v. Turkey. Application no. 44774/98. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-70956

ECHR, Case of Mürsel Eren v. Turkey. Application no. 60856/00. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-72293

Biografia de l'autor/a

Sara Cardona Rubio, Sciences Po

Sara Cardona Rubio és graduada en Global Studies per la Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF). Actualment, està finalitzant un màster en assumptes europeus i política social a Sciences Po París, gràcies a la beca France Excellence Europa. S’especialitza en les polítiques educatives, i recentment ha realitzat dues estades com a investigadora visitant per aprofundir sobre aquest tema. D’una banda, a l'Institut d’Estudis Europeus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), i, d'altra banda, al Grup de Recerca en Educació i Treball també a la UAB. Pròximament, integrarà la Comissió Europea com a Bluebook trainee dins el DG en Educació, Cultura Esports i Joventut per a continuar la seva formació.

Publicades

31-01-2025

Descàrregues