APA Style (7th edition)

Reference list

Please follow the referencing rules carefully. All aspects must be taken into account, without adding or removing any: order of components, italics, parentheses, periods, commas, pages.

Journal article

Surname, A. A., Surname, B. B., & Surname, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol.(no.), page-page. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Book

Surname, A. A. (year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Edited book

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.) (year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Edited book chapter (chapters of non-edited books – those in which the chapters are all by the same author – should not be cited, only the whole book)

Surname, A. A., & Surname, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Thesis

Surname, A. (year). Title of thesis. [PhD/Master’s thesis]. Name of the University.

Conference proceedings

Surname, A. A., & Surname, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor & C. Editor (Eds.), Proceedings of Conference title (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Conference papers without proceedings

Surname, A. A. (year, Month day of presentation). Title of presentation [Paper/plenary conference/poster]. Conference Title. City, Country. http:...

Example: Surname, A. A. (2008, March 22).

Webpages/online press articles

Surname, A. (year, Month day). Name of the page/article. Name of the website/Name of Publication. http:...

Example: Surname, A. A. (2008, March 22).

Document with no date

Surname, A. (n.d.). **The rest of the reference depends on the type of document**

When there are documents with the same authors in the same order & the same year

Surname1, A. A., Surname2, B. B., & Surname3, C. C. (2008a).

Surname1, A. A., Surname2, B. B., & Surname3, C. C. (2008b).

NOTES:

City and country names should be in English when translations exist.

It is necessary to “activate the links” in the reference list (DOI and websites): Word / OpenOffice does this automatically when you add a space after it.

DOI

The DOI prevails over any other internet address, which must be removed if you have a DOI. You have to search for all articles in scientific journals. Some books and chapters also have DOIs.

Each DOI must include the prefix “https://doi.org/” so that it can be accessed as a URL. You can find DOIs using the page http://search.crossref.org/. The DOI (if available) will be found by searching using the title of the text. It is not necessary to look beyond that tool. “DOI:” is not used, but the DOI is written directly after the end of the reference.

In-text citations

Naming authors outside parentheses

Surname (2017; 2018) indicates…

Surname1 and Surname2 (2017) indicate…

Surname1 et al. (2017) indicate…

Naming authors within parentheses

…claim that this is so (Surname1 & Surname2, 2017; Surname3 et al., 2012).

Use of et al.

In references to one or two authors all authors are always written.

In references with three or more authors, write the surname of the first author and “et al.” (Surname1 et al., 2020). If there are references to the same first author that might cause confusion, you can add a second or third surname to clarify (Surname 1, Surname 2, et al., 2020)

“et al.” is written without italics, with a dot, and is never used in the final reference list.

In the list of references “et al.” should never be used. All authors and/or book publishers must be indicated up to a maximum of 20. If there are more, write the first 19, add ellipses & write the last. E.g.:

Surname1, A., Surname2, B., Surname3, C., Surname4, D., Surname5, E., Surname19., F… Surname25, I. (year). ** the rest depends on the type of reference **

Literal quotes of fewer than 40 words

“Text of the short quote” (Surname1 & Surname2, 2017, p. 123).

NOTE:

The quotation should be integrated into the paragraph, use quotation marks and not be written in italics.

The page (or paragraph number for online texts) must always be indicated.

Literal quotes longer than 40 words:

Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. Literal quote longer than 40 words. (Surname1 & Surname2, 2017, p. 123)

NOTE:

The quotation goes in a separate paragraph and should always start with capital letters, even if the original text does not use them, and be left-indented at 1.25 cm,

It should NOT have quotation marks and not be written in italics.

In the APA guidelines the final period comes before the parentheses.

The page number (or paragraph number for online texts) must always be included.

Tables and figures

In APA format, visual materials are named only as figures: do not use graphics, illustration, photography, etc. Thus, there are only figures and tables.

They must be listed independently, e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3; Table 1, Table 2.
They should always have a brief descriptive legend, placed above the figure/table.
They should always be cited in the body of the text by their number, e.g.: “Table 1 shows…”, “(see Figure 5)”. Do not use spatial references (In the following figure; in the table below), because in the final version of the text it might not be in the same place.
If own authorship, the source is not indicated (Source: own figure).
If not self-made, the source must be indicated.

Other issues

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_changes_7th_edition.html

https://apastyle.apa.org/

CHECKLIST

Check that the references conform strictly to the examples provided.

Journal articles and book chapters always include a start and end page.

In scientific articles “pp.” is not included before the page numbers.

In book chapters “pp.” is included before the page numbers and in parentheses.

Literal citations are never written entirely in italics and do include the page or paragraph number (in the case of web references without pages).

Review the correct use of et al. throughout the document.

References to scientific articles must include the DOI code.

In references that include URLs, this should lead exactly to the cited document, not to the generic portal of the journal/media.

It is necessary to “activate the links” in the reference list (DOI and websites): Word / OpenOffice does this automatically when you add a space after it.

There must be an exact correspondence between documents cited in the body of the text and the list of references and vice versa. All references in the final list must be cited in the body of the text and vice versa.