Post genetic revolution dynamics. How will modified and unmodified humans coexist?

Marcos Alonso

doi:10.5565/rev/enrahonar.1527

Dinàmiques posteriors a la revolució genètica. Com coexistiran els humans modificats i els no modificats?

Autors/ores

Marcos Alonso Universidad Complutense de Madrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-0689

PDF (EN)

Resum

En aquest article sostinc que la revolució genètica, és a dir, l’adveniment d’una sèrie de tecnologies genètiques altament transformadores i disruptives, tindrà lloc en els pròxims anys. Atesa la importància d’aquest esdeveniment històric, defenso que hem d’anticipar-nos per reflexionar sobre la dinàmica socioètica que podria comportar aquesta revolució. Per fer-ho, primer exploro les formes en què podria desenvolupar-se aquesta revolució genètica i els problemes socioètics als quals s’enfrontarà. A continuació, descric les possibles dinàmiques socials que apareixeran en un escenari posterior a la revolució genètica utilitzant l’exemple de l’Equador, una societat multiètnica que va patir una abrupta transformació social i genètica que podria assemblar-se en alguns aspectes al que la revolució genètica podria comportar.

Paraules clau

tecnologies genètiques, bioètica, millora humana, desigualtat, problemes d’acció col·lectiva

Referències

AGAR, Nicholas (1998). “Liberal eugenics”. Public Affairs Quarterly, 12 (2), 137-155.

ALLHOFF, Fritz (2005). “Germ-line genetic enhancement and Rawlsian primary goods”. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 15 (1), 39-56.

ANNAS, George; ANDREWS, Lori & ISASI, Rosario (2002). “Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations”. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 28 (2), 151-178.

ANOMALY, Jonathan (2020). Creating Future People. The Ethics of Genetic Enhancement. London: Routledge.

ALONSO, Marcos; ANOMALY, Jonathan & SAVULESCU, Julian (2020). “Gene editing: Medicine or enhancement?”. Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics, 11 (11), 259-276.

BEAVER, Kevin; SCHWARTZA, Joseph; NEDELECC, Joseph; CONNOLLYA, Eric; BOUTWELLD, Brian & BARNESE, J.C. (2013). “Intelligence Is Associated with Criminal Justice Processing.” Intelligence, 41 (5), 277-288.

BOGLIOLI, Elsy & MAGALI, Richard (2015). Rewriting the book of life: a new era in precision gene editing. Working Paper. The Boston Consulting Group.

BOGNAR, Greg (2012). “Enhancement and Equality”. Ethical Perspectives, 19 (1), 11-32.

BRENNER, Susan W. (2013). “Humans and humans+: technological enhancement and criminal responsibility”. Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law, 19, 215-285.

BROCK, Dan (2005). “Shaping Future Children: Parental Rights and Societal Interests”. Journal of Political Philosophy, 13 (4), 377-398.

BUCHANAN, Allen (2008). “Enhancement and the ethics of development”. Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal, 18 (1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.0.0003

BUCHANAN, Allen (2011). “Cognitive enhancement and education”. Theory and Research in Education, 9 (2), 145-162.

BUCHANAN, Allen; BROCK, Dan; DANIELS, Norman & WILKER, Daniel (2000). From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

CARAPETO RAPOSO, Vera L. (2022). “The Better I Can Be: In Defence of Human Enhancement for a New Genetic Equality”. Canadian Journal of Bioethics/Revue Canadienne de Bioéthique, 5 (2), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.7202/1089801ar

CARBONELL ROURA, Eudald (2023). El Homo ex novo: posibles futuros para la humanidad. Origen. Cuadernos Atapuerca 30.

CAREY, Nessa (2019). Hacking the Code of Life: How gene editing will rewrite our futures. London: Icon Books.

CHEE KHOON, Chan & HENG-LENG, Chee (1984). “Singapore 1984: Breeding for Big Brother”. In: HENG-LENG, Chee & CHEE KHOON, Chan (eds.). Designer Genes: I.Q., Ideology, and Biology. Kuala Lumpur: Institute for Social Analysis.

CHARLESWORTH, Brian & CHARLESWORTH, Deborah (2017). Evolution: A Very Short Introduction. (New ed., Very Short Introductions). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

COHEN, Glenn (2014). “What (if anything) is wrong with human enhancement? what (if anything) is right with it?”. Tulsa Law Review, 49, 645-687.

COURTIOL, Alexander; RAYMOND, Michel; GODELLE, Bernard & FERDY, Jean-Baptiste (2010). “Mate Choice and Human Stature”. Evolution, 64 (8), 2189-2203.

DANIELS, Norman (2000). “Normal Functioning and the Treatment-Enhancement Distinction”. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 9 (3).

DIÉGUEZ, Antonio (2017). Transhumanismo: La búsqueda tecnológica del mejoramiento humano. Barcelona: Herder Editorial.

DUNLOP, Mikael & SAVULESCU, Julian (2014). “Distributive justice and cognitive enhancement in lower, normal intelligence”. Monash Bioethics Review, 32 (3-4), 189-204.

ELLIS, Bruce (1992). “The Evolution of Sexual Attraction”. In: Jerome BARKOW, Leda COSMIDES & John TOOBY (eds.). The Adapted Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ENRIQUEZ, Paul (2017). “Genome editing and the jurisprudence of scientific empiricism”. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 19 (3), 603-695.

FARRELLY, Colin (2004). “Genes and Equality.” Journal of Medical Ethics, 30, 587-592.

FUKUYAMA, Francis (2002). Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. London: Profile Books.

GLAD, John (2011). Jewish eugenics (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Wooden Shore.

GIGNAC, Gilles & STARBUCK, Clare (2019). “Exceptional Intelligence and Easy-Goingness May Hurt Your Prospects: Threshold Effects for Rated Mate Characteristics”. British Journal of Psychology, 110, 151-172.

GUZMAN, Wilson (2018). Social Policies in Ecuador: The Effects of Minimum Wages and Cash Transfers. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

GYNGELL, Christopher (2012). “Enhancing the Species: Genetic Engineering Technologies and Human Persistence”. Philosophy and Technology, 25, 495-512.

GYNGELL, Christopher & EASTEAL, Simon (2015). “Cognitive Diversity and Moral Enhancement”. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 24, 66-74.

HABERMAS, Jurgen (2003). The future of human nature. Cambridge: Polity Press.

HARRIS, John (2007). “Interview with John Harris. Interview by Vicki Glaser”. Rejuvenation Research, 10 (1), 107-111.

HUARCAYA, Sergio M. (2014). “Imagining Ecuadorians: Historicizing National Identity in Twentieth-Century Otavalo, Ecuador”. Latin American Research Review, 49 (3), 64-84.

JOLY, Yann; NGUENG FEZE, Ida & SIMARD, Jacques (2013). “Genetic discrimination and life insurance: A systematic review of the evidence”. BMC Medicine, 11 (1), 25.

JONES, Garett (2016). Hive Mind: How Your Nation’s IQ Matters so Much More Than Your Own. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

KARLSSON, Elinor K. & LINDBLAD-TOH, Kerstin (2008). “Leader of the pack: gene mapping in dogs and other model organisms.” Nature Reviews Genetics, 9, 713-725.

LAVINAS, Manuela (2014). “Where Did the Women Go? Gender Inequalities in Ecuador’s Indigenous Movement”. Social Development Issues, 36 (3), 92-107.

LOFTIS, J. Robert (2005). “Germ-line enhancement of humans and nonhumans”. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 15 (1), 57-76.

LÓPEZ FRÍAS, Francisco Javier (2014). “Aclaraciones sobre la mejora humana/Explanations on human enhancement”. Daimōn Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 62, 7-23.

MORENO PARRA, María (2007). “Misses y concursos de belleza indígena en la construcción de la nación ecuatoriana”. Íconos, 28, 81-91.

NUFFIELD COUNCIL ON BIOETHICS (2018). Genome Editing and Human Reproduction. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.

PARFIT, Derek (1984). Reasons and Persons (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/019824908X.001.0001

PATHAK, Yashwant (ed.) (2018). Genomics-Driven Healthcare: Trends in Disease Prevention and Treatment. Singapore: Adis.

PERSSON, Ingmar & SAVULESCU, Julian (2012). Unfit for the Future. (Uehiro series in practical ethics). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

PLOMIN, Robert & STUMM, Sophie (2018). “The New Genetics of Intelligence”. Nature Reviews Genetics, 19, 148-159.

POLONI SIMARD, Jacques (2006). El mosaico indígena: movilidad, estratificación social y mestizaje en el corregimiento de Cuenca (Ecuador) del siglo XVI al XVIII. Quito: IFEA.

POST, David (2011). “Constitutional Reform and the Opportunity for Higher Education Access in Ecuador Since 1950”. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 19. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n20.2011

POWELL, Russell (2010). “The Evolutionary Biological Implications of Human Genetic Engineering.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1-22.

POWELL, Russell (2015). “In Genes We Trust: Germline Engineering, Eugenics, and the Future of the Human Genome”. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 40, 669-695.

RENZONG, Qiu & DIKOTTER, Frank (1999). “Is China’s law eugenic?” Unesco Courier (Paris, France), 52 (9), 30.

RAWLS, John (1999). A theory of justice. (Revised ed.). Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

RICROCH, Agnès (2019). “Global developments of genome editing in agriculture”. Transgenic Research, 28 (Supplement 2), 45-52.

ROBERTS, Joseph (2014). “Treating the enhancement debate: Irrelevant distinctions in the enhancement medicine debate”. Kriterion, 28, 1-12.

RODRÍGUEZ-ALCÁZAR, Javier & BERMEJO-LUQUE, Lilian (2024). “Human enhancement technologies and the arguments for cosmopolitanism”. Enrahonar. An International Journal of Theoretical and Practical Reason, 72, 15-33. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.1489

RODRÍGUEZ LÓPEZ, Blanca (2024). “Liberal eugenics, coercion and social pressure”. Enrahonar. An International Journal of Theoretical and Practical Reason, 72, 73-89. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.1520

ROITMAN, Karem (2009). Race, ethnicity, and power in Ecuador: The manipulation of mestizaje. (Ebook central). Boulder, Colorado.

ROTHSTEIN, Mark A. (2007). “Legal conceptions of equality in the genomic age”. Law & Inequality, 25 (2), 429-463.

RUEDA ETXEBARRIA, Jon (2024). “The global governance of genetic enhancement technologies: Justification, proposals, and challenges”. Enrahonar. An International Journal of Theoretical and Practical Reason, 72, 55-71. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.1519

SAVULESCU, Julian (2006). “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings.” In: B. STEINBOCK (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 516-533.

SAVULESCU, Julian (2009). “Enhancement and Fairness.” In: HEALEY, P. & RAYNER, S. (eds.). Unnatural Selection: The Challenges of Engineering Tomorrow’s People. London: Earthscan. 177-187.

SINGER, Peter (2009). “Parental Choice and Human Improvement.” In: SAVULESCU, J. & BOSTROM, N. (eds.). Human Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 277-289.

STOLCKE, Verena & COELLO, Alexandre (eds.). (2008). Identidades ambivalentes en América Latina (siglos XVI-XXI). Barcelona: Bellatera.

TEMKIN, Larry S. (1993). Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.

THALER, Richard H. & SUNSTEIN, Cass R. (2017). Nudge. London: Allen Lane.

THODAY, J.M. (1965). “Geneticism and environmentalism”. In: MEADE, J.E. & PARKES, A.S. (eds.). Biological Aspects of Social Problems. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 92-106.

WIDEN, Erik; LELLO, Louis; RABEN, Timothy G.; TELLIER, Laurent C. A. M. & HSU, Stephen D. H. (2022). “Polygenic Health Index, General Health, and Pleiotropy: Sibling Analysis and Disease Risk Reduction”. Scientific Reports, 12, 18173. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22637-8

Biografia de l'autor/a

Marcos Alonso, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Marcos Alonso (doctor europeu) és professor i investigador a la Universitat Complutense de Madrid. Prèviament ha estat professor en universitats de l’Equador i Xile. És autor del llibre Ortega y la técnica (CSIC, 2021) i ha publicat en importants revistes internacionals, com Bioethics. Així mateix, és el traductor a l’espanyol de Superintelligence, de N. Bostrom. Les seves àrees de recerca són la bioètica, l’ètica aplicada, la filosofia de la tècnica i l’antropologia filosòfica. Els seus interessos se centren en els problemes ètics que sorgeixen en la intersecció entre la tecnologia i la condició humana. És també especialista en el pensament d’Ortega y Gasset, la filosofia del qual ha utilitzat per abordar qüestions com l’ecologia o el transhumanisme.