Principio de laicidad. Una aproximación al debate sobre las distintas visiones en la Turquía contemporánea
Resum
Este artículo pretende aproximarse al debate establecido sobre las diferentes visiones del principio de laicismo en la Turquía contemporánea. Considerada como una de las líneas de fractura del sistema político turco, la dicotomía Islam-laicismo se ha establecido en los últimos años como un marco útil utilizado por la mayoría de observadores turcos y occidentales para tratar de comprender la situación política de Turquía.
Por ello, la controversia entre las distintas visiones del principio laicismo se ha centrado tradicionalmente en las instituciones estatales religiosas como el Directorio de Asuntos Religiosos, y de forma particular en la educación, vista como el espacio en el que se da forma no sólo a la visión del mundo sino también a la identidad de las generaciones venideras. En las siguientes paginas trataremos cuatro de las cuestiones más polémicas: el control asertivo de las instituciones religiosas estatales, la prohibición del pañuelo islámico, las escuelas vocaciones religiosas y las restricciones del ente estatal sobre los cursos de Corán.
Paraules clau
laicidad, kemalismo, Diyanet, imam hatip, türban, AKPReferències
Aktaş, Cihan (2006), Türbanın Yeniden İcadı [La Nueva Reinvención del Pañuelo]. Estambul: Kapı Yayınları
Akyol, Mustafa. “And the show trial begins”. Hurriyet Daily News, 04/03/2008. En línea http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/and-the-show-trial-begins.aspx?pageID=438&n=and-the-show-trial-begins...-2008-04-03, acceso el 15/09/2015
Akyol, Taha (2008) Ama Hangi Atatürk [Pero Qué Atatürk]. Estambul, Doğan Yayıncılık
Ahmad, Feroz (1996), The Making of Modern Turkey. Nueva York: Routledge. En línea http://psi301.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Feroz%20Ahmad%20Making%20of%20Modern%20TR(1).pdf, acceso el 02/07/2015
(2007) Demokrasi Sürecinde Türkiye (1945-1980) [El Experimento Turco de Democracia (1945-1980)]. Estambul: Hil Yayın, 2007
Başgil, Ali Fuat (1954), Din ve Laiklik [Religión y Laicismo]. Estambul: Yağmur Yayınları
Bulaç, Ali. Which Islamism?”. Today´s Zaman, 09/06/2014. En línea http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/ali-bulac/which-islamism_349916.html, acceso el 06/09/2015
Casanova, Jose (1994), Public Religion in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Çarkoğlu, Ali y Kalaycıoğlu, M. Ersin (2009), The rising tide of conservatism in Tur-key. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009
Çayır, Kenan (2007), “The emergence of Turkey’s contemporary ‘Muslim demo-crats’”. En Cizre, Ümit (ed.) Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey: The Making of the Justice and Development Party. Londres: Routledge, pp. 62-79
Çelik, Zafer y Gür, Bekir S. (2013), “Turkey’s Education Policy during the AK Party Era (2002-2013)”. Insight Turkey, 15: 4, pp. 151-176. En línea http://file.insightturkey.com/Files/Pdf/insight_turkey_vol_15_no_4_2013_celikgur.pdf, acceso el 12/10/2015
Cengiz, Orhan Kemal. “Erdoğan 's reforms meant to educate 'pious generation'”. Al-Monitor, 26/06/2014. En línea http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/cengiz-produce-religious-generations-erdogan-akp-islamist.html, acceso el 03/06/2016
Davison, Andrew (2003), “Turkey, a "Secular" State? The Challenge of Descrip-tion”. South Atlantic Quarterly, 102: 2/3, pp. 333-350
Dumont, Paul (1981), “Hojas for the Revolution: The Religious Strategy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk”. American Institute for the Study of the Middle Eastern and Civiliza-tion Journal, 1: 3, pp. 17-32
Eligür, Banu (2010), The mobilization of political Islam in Turkey. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press
Feyzioğlu, Turhan (1982), “Secularism: Cornerstone of the Turkish revolution”. En Feyzioğlu, Turhan (ed.) Atatürk's Way. Estambul: Otomarsan, 1982, pp. 1-74
Göle, Nilüfer (1993), The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Göle, Nilüfer (1997), “The Gendered Nature of the Public Sphere”. Public Culture, 10: 1, pp. 61-81
Gómez, Luz (2009), Diccionario de Islam e islamismo. Madrid: Espasa Calpe
Gorvett, Jonathan. “Secular anger over new Turkish law”. Aljazeera, 14/05/2004. En línea http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/05/2008410111255684356.html, acceso el 28/09/2015
Hale, William M. (2005) “Christian Democracy and the AKP: Parallels and Con-trasts”. Turkish Studies, 6: 2 (2005), pp. 293-310
Hale, William M y Özbudun, Ergun (2010), Islamism, Democracy and Liberalism in Turkey: the case of the AKP. Londres: Routledge
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995), The Young Turks in Opposition. Nueva York: Oxford University Press
Jenkins, Gareth H. (2006), “Symbols and Shadow Play: Military-JPD Relations, 2002-2004”. En Yavuz, M. Hakan (ed.) The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democra-cy and the AK Party. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, pp. 185-206
Kaplan, Sam (2002), “Din-u Devlet All Over Again? The Politics of Military Secular-ism and Religious Militarism in Turkey Following the 1980 Coup”. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34: 1, pp. 113-127
Karabat, Ayşe. “İmam-hatip schools in demand for export”. Today’s Zaman, 03/01/2010. En línea http://www.todayszaman.com/news-197385-imam-hatip-schools-in-demand-for-export.html, acceso el 28/09/2015
Keyder, Çağlar (2005), “Moving in from the Margins? Turkey in Europe.” Diogenes, 53: 2, pp. 72-81
Kumbaracıbaşı, Arda Can (2009), Turkish politics and the rise of the AKP: dilem-mas of institutionalization and leadership strategy. Londres: Routledge
Kuru, Ahmet T. (2006), “Reinterpretation of Secularism in Turkey. The Case of Jus-tice and Development Party”. En Yavuz, M. Hakan (ed.) The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the Ak Party. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, pp. 136-159
Kuru, Ahmet T. y Stepan, Alfred (2012a), “Laïcité as an Ideal Type and a Continu-um”. En Kuru, Ahmet T. y Stepan, Alfred (eds.) Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, pp. 95-121
Kuru, Ahmet T. y Stepan, Alfred (2012b), “Introduction”. En Kuru, Ahmet T. y Ste-pan, Alfred (eds.) Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey. Nueva York: Co-lumbia University Press, pp. 1-11
Lagendijk, Joost (2012), “Turkey´s Accession to the European Union and the Role of the Justice and Development Party”. En Kuru, Ahmet T. y Stepan, Alfred (eds.) Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, pp. 166-188
Mardin, Şerif A. (1969), “Power, Civil Society and the Culture in the Ottoman Em-pire”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 11: 3, pp. 258-260
Mardin, Şerif A. (1994), Türk Modernleşmesi [La Modernización Turca]. Estambul: İletişim
Newton, Kenneth (1999), “Social and Political Trust in Established Democracies”. En Norris, Pippa (ed.) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 169-187
Pamuk, Muhammed y Yasaklı, Umut (2001), Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Estambul: Bi-rey
Pope, Nicole y Pope, Hugh (2000), Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey. Nueva York: Overlook Press
Özdalga, Elisabeth (1999), “Education in the Name of the 'Order and Progress': Reflections on the Recent Eight-Year Obligatory School Reform in Turkey”. Muslim World, 89: 3-4 (1999), pp. 414-438
Özbudun, Ergun (1981), “The Nature of the Kemalist Political Regime”. En Özbudun, Ergun y Kazancıgil, Ali (eds.) Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State. Ham-den, CT: Archon Books, pp. 79-102
Özbudun, Ergun (2012a), “Turkey-Plural Society and Monolithic State”. En Kuru, Ahmet T. y Stepan, Alfred (eds.) Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey. Nue-va York: Columbia University Press, pp. 61-94
Özbudun, Ergun (2012b), The Turkish Constitutional Court and Political Crisis”. En Kuru, Ahmet T. y Stepan, Alfred (eds.) Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, 2012, pp. 149-165
Ramadan, Tariq (1994), Les musulmans dans la laïcité [Los musulmanes y la laici-dad]. Lyon: Tawhid
Ramadan, Tariq (2000), El reformismo musulmán: Desde sus orígenes hasta los Hermanos Musulmanes. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Sabral, Jody. “Erdoğan's reforms meant to educate 'pious generation'”. Al-Monitor, 26/06/2014. En línea http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/cengiz-produce-religious-generations-erdogan-akp-islamist.html, acceso el 03/06/2016
Saktanber, Ayşe y Çorbacioğlu, Gül (2008), “Veiling and Headscarf-Skepticism in Turkey”. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 15: 4, pp. 514-538
Seggie, Fatma N. (2011), Religion and the State in Turkish Universities: The Head-scarf Ban. Nueva York: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2011
Şeker, Nesim (2007), “Vision of Modernity in the Early Turkish Republic: An Over-view”. Historia Actual Online, 14, pp. 49-56. En línea http://www.historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/216/204, acceso el 24/03/2016
Sözen, Edibe (2006), “Gender Politics of the JPD”. En Yavuz, M. Hakan (ed.) The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2006, pp. 251-280
Taylor, Charles (1998), “Modes of Secularism”. En Bhargava, Rajeev (ed.) Secular-ism and Its Critics. Nueva Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 31-53
Timur, Taner (1993), Turk. Devrimi ve Sonrası [La Revolución turca y sus repercusiones]. Ankara: Imge Kitabi
Toprak, Binnaz (1987), “The Religious Right”. En Schick, Irvin y Tonak, Ertuğrul A. (eds.) Turkey in Transition. New Perspectives. Nueva York: Oxford University Press
Tremblay, Pinar. “Hijab Wars Key to Role Of Islam In Turkey”. Al-Monitor, 15/04/2013. Consultable en red: www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/hijab-wars-turkey-islam-religiosity.html##ixzz3HXwWXUsh, acceso el 28/10/2015
“Headscarf protests resume in Turkey”. Al-Monitor, 16/09/2014. Consultable en red: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-headscarves-protestes-resumes-education.html#, acceso el 16/09/2015
Tuğal, Cihan Ziya (2013), “Islam and the Retrenchment of Turkish Conservatism”. En Bayat, Asef (ed.) Post-Islamism: The Changing Faces of Political Islam. Oxford: Nueva York: Oxford University Press
Veiga, Francisco (2011), El turco: diez siglos a las puertas de Europa. Barcelona: Debate
Yavuz, M. Hakan (2009), Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press
Yeşim Arat. Political Islam in Turkey and Women’s Organizations. Estambul: TESEV Yayınları, 1999, pp. 22
Yılmaz, Hakan (2007), “Islam, Sovereignty, and Democracy: A Turkish View”. Mid-dle East Journal, 61: 3, pp. 489-493. Consultable en red: http://www.hakanyilmaz.info/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/HakanYilmaz-2007-IslamDemocracy-MEJ.28460907.pdf, acceso el 14/06/2016
Publicades
Com citar
Descàrregues
Drets d'autor (c) 2016 Imanol Ortega Expósito
Aquesta obra està sota una llicència internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement 4.0.
