Comparant les relacions de Xina i Rússia amb Sud-àfrica.
Una perspectiva des d’Europa
Resum
El desenvolupament de Sud-àfrica en les dues dècades anteriors ha vingut acompanyat d'una projecció internacional creixent que, a través dels BRICS, és propera a la Xina i Rússia. El present article pretén comparar les relacions de Pretòria amb Beijing i Moscou, proposant un examen en profunditat de la interacció entre aquests països i de com aquesta es reflecteix en la seva diferent capacitat política, econòmica i cultural. Per a això, s'estudiarà de manera detallada la vessant política d'aquests llaços, abordant els orígens de les relacions, el seu desenvolupament, la seva esfera internacional i la cooperació militar. Seguidament, s'analitzaran les característiques econòmiques, destacant les inversions, el comerç i la política de fer negocis i sostenibilitat. Finalment, es posaran en perspectiva les relacions culturals i la percepció pública sud-africana cap a aquests països.
Paraules clau
Sud-àfrica, Xina, Rússia, Relacions internacionalsReferències
Afrobarometer (s.f.). The online data analysis tool: Afrobarometer 2014/2015. https://afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis/analyse-online
Albert E. (2017). China in Africa. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-africa
Alden, C. & Davies, M. (2006). A profile of the operations of Chinese multinationals in Africa. South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460609556787
Amusan, L. (2018). Seeking relevance in the age of globalisation: Russia in Africa through South Africa. Journal of African Union Studies, 7(1), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n1a8
April, F. &. & Shelton, G. (Eds.) (2014a). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
April, F. &. & Shelton, G. (2014b). Chapter 1 Introduction: An Assessment of South Africa-China Relations from a National Interest Perspective. En: April, F. Y., & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2014). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
April, F.Y. (2014). Chapter 4 Prospective Mining Industrialization Partnerships between South Africa and China. En: April, F. Y. & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2014). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
Arkhangelskaya A. & Shubin, V. (2013). Russia–South Africa Relations: Beyond Revival. Global Powers and Africa Programme (Policy Briefing, 75). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/171980/saia_spb_%2075_arkhangelskaya%20&%20shubin_20131015.pdf
Barton, B. (2018). China’s security policy in Africa: A new or false dawn for the evolution of the application of China’s non-interference principle?. South African Journal of International Affairs, 25(3), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2018.1526707
Bodomo, A. (2009). Africa-China Relations: Symmetry, Soft Power and South Africa. China Review, 9(2), 169–178. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23462284
Burgess M. & Esterhuyse H. (2015). Preparing for FOCAC VI: China-South Africa co-operation in conservation and renewable energy. Centre for Chinese Studies (Policy Briefing, August). https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/99158
Chutel, L. (25.4.2018). How two South African women stopped Zuma and Putin’s $76 billion Russian nuclear deal’. Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1260877/how-two-south-african-women-stopped-zuma-and-putins-76-billion-nuclear-deal/
Creamer M. (21.1.2013). $650m Chinese loan for Wesizwe’s Bakubung platinum mine project. Mining Weekly. https://www.miningweekly.com/article/650m-chinese-loan-for-wesizwes-bakubung-platinum-mine-project-2013-01-21/rep_id:3650
Daniel R. & Virk, K. (2014). South Africa and the BRICS: Progress, problems and prospects. Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR). https://media.africaportal.org/documents/vol50_sa_brics_24nov2014.pdf
defenceWeb (25.10.2019). Russia keen to manufacture military hardware with South Africa». defenceWeb. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/russia-keen-to-manufacture-military-hardware-with-south-africa/
Du Toit A. (12.11.2019). Russia’s southern strategy». The interpreter. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/russia-s-southern-strategy
Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of South Africa (s.f.). Russian-South African Relations. https://russianembassyza.mid.ru/economic-co-operation
Energyblog (11.8.2014). Suntech establishes subsidiary to serve South African market. Energyblog. https://www.energy.org.za/news/142-suntech-establishes-subsidiary-to-serve-south-african-market
Faleg, G. & Secrieru, S. (2020). Russia’s forays into Sub-Saharan Africa. EU Institute for Security Studies (Brief, 6). https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief%206%20Russia%20Africa_0.pdf
Guijin, L. (2014). «Chapter 3 Fifteen Years of South Africa-China Relations and Beyond». En: April, F. Y. & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2014). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
Hann, X. (2017). The China–South Africa Bilateral Investment Treaty: National rule of law versus international rule of law. South African Journal of International Affairs, 24(3), 269-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2017.1406401
HBIS Group (s.f.). Overseas business. https://www.hbisco.com/site/en/overseas/index.html
Jiexian, Z. (4.7.2014). ASA's Zero Harm Strategy behind 3 million fatality-free shifts. People’s Daily Online. http://en.people.cn/n/2014/0704/c98649-8750941-5.html
Jiexian, Z. (12.12.2016). Report on Chinese Enterprises in SA: USD13bn investment &24k local jobs. People’s Daily Online. http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/1212/c90000-9153655.html
Lyman, P. (2006). China's involvement in Africa: A view from the US. South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460609556790
Madrid-Morales, D. & Wasserman, H. (2018). Chinese Media Engagement in South Africa. Journalism Studies, 19(8), 1218-1235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266280
Meng, Y. (4.5.2017). South Africa still waiting for its largest ever Chinese-invested steel mill. Africa-China Reporting Project. https://africachinareporting.co.za/2017/05/south-africa-still-waiting-for-its-largest-ever-chinese-invested-steel-mill/
Olivier, G. (2020). Russia’s rediscovery of Africa. En: Muresan, A & Mthembu, P. South Africa in the World Navigating a Changing Global Order, 19-21. https://media.africaportal.org/documents/South_Africa_in_the_World.pdf
Pawlyk, O. (21.10.2019). Russian Bombers to Land in South Africa During Unprecedented Deployment. Military.com. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/10/21/russian-bombers-land-south-africa-during-unprecedented-deployment.html
People’s Daily Online (20.7.2016). Huawei launches Africa’s first Innovation Center. People’s Daily Online. http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0720/c98649-9088910.html
People’s Daily Online. (27.4.2017). Official Inauguration of the African Headquarters for the China Overseas Infrastructure Development and Investment Corporation. People’s Daily Online. http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0427/c90000-9208175.html
Procopio, M. (2015). The effectiveness of Confucius Institutes as a tool of China’s soft power in South Africa. African East-Asian Affairs, 2, 98-125. https://doi.org/10.7552/0-1-2-155
Qobo, M. & Dube, M. (2015). South Africa's foreign economic strategies in a changing global system. South African Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2015.1054304
Reve (30.5.2013). Yingli Green Energy to Supply 96 MW PV Modules to One of the Largest Solar Power Projects in South Africa. Wind Energy and Electric Vehicle Magazine. https://www.evwind.es/2013/05/30/yingli-green-energy-to-supply-96-mw-pv-modules-to-one-of-the-largest-solar-projects-in-south-africa/33178
Shelton, Garth (2014). «Chapter 2 China and South Africa - Common Interests and Global Objectives». En: April, F. Y. & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2014). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
Shinn, David H. (2016). The Environmental Impact of China's Investment in Africa. Cornell International Law Journal, 49 (1), 25-67. https://ww3.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/Shinn-final.pdf
Sidiropoulos, E. & Alden, C. (2019). Inside the Russia-Africa matryoshka: Summitry, Geopolitics and Resources. South African Institute of International Affairs (Working paper, October). https://saiia.org.za/research/inside-the-russia-africa-matryoshka-summitry-geopolitics-and-resources/
Sun, M. (2014). «Chapter 8 Engagement with Style: What China’s Peacekeeping in Africa says about China’s Engagement with Africa». En: April, F. Y. & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2014). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
TASS (24.10.2019). Russia, South Africa to jointly create weapons, military equipment. TASS. Russian news agency. https://tass.com/defense/1084928
Wasserman, H. (2012). China in South Africa: media responses to a developing relationship. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(3), 336-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2012.701428
Wu, L. & Wang, Y. (2009). Comparative Analysis of China’s Energy Activities in the Middle East and Africa. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(1), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023122
Yong, Y. (15.11.2018). The so-called “13 Chinese police stations in South Africa” is totally fake news. SACETA. https://saceta.co.za/a/Sino-SA_Relations/2018/1115/347.html
Yu, K. (2014) «Chapter 5 Educational Co-operation or Educational Aid? China, Africa and South Africa». En: April, F. Y. & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2014). Perspectives on South Africa-China Relations at 15 Years. Africa Institute of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r25v
Zhao, S. (2018). A Revisionist Stakeholder: China and the Post-World War II World Order. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(113), 643-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1458029
Publicades
Descàrregues
Drets d'autor (c) 2022 Jesús Yániz González
Aquesta obra està sota una llicència internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
