“Tú, como eres negra, harás de lobo”. El debate pendiente sobre la cuestión de la raza en España.

Autores/as

Resumen

En este artículo argumentamos que la idea de “raza” constituye un factor fundamental para la atribución de la pertenencia y el tratamiento social diferencial en España. Tras operacionalizar algunos conceptos clave (raza, racismo y racialización), ofrecemos una contextualización histórica y social sobre la construcción de la idea de raza en España, y aportamos datos sociodemográficos sobre la prevalencia del racismo en la sociedad española. En segundo lugar, aportamos información de tipo etnográfico. A través del análisis de narrativas de descendientes de uniones mixtas residentes en España, ejemplificamos hasta qué punto la idea de raza juega un papel central en las experiencias de estigmatización y discriminación de una parte cada vez más importante de la población española.

Palabras clave

Raza, Racismo, Racialización, Colonialismo, Inmigración, Mixticidad, Pertenencia, Exclusión social

Citas

Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2020). Informe Observatori Discriminacions de Barcelona 2019. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona.

Alba, R., Nancy, F. (2015). Strangers No More. Immigration and the Challenge of Integration in North America and Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Anthias, F. (2020). Translocational Belongings: Intersectional Dilemmas and Social Inequalities. Routledge: London & New York.

Arango, J. (2013). Exceptional in Europe? Spain's Experience with Immigration and Integration. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.

Balibar, E., Immanuel, W. (1991). Race, Nation, and Class: Ambiguous Identities. Londres: Verso.

Barker, M. (1981). The New Racism. London: Junction Books.

Barot, R., John, B. (2001). Racialization: the genealogy and critique of a concept. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24 (4), 601–618.

Beaman, J. (2019). Are French people white? Towards an understanding of whiteness in Republican France. Identities, 26 (5), 546–562.

Bonilla-Silva, E. (1999). The Essential Social Fact of Race. American Sociological Review, 64 (6), 899–906.

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2013). Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Brinbaum, Y., Mirna, S., Patrick, S. (2018). “Discrimination in France: Between Perception and Experience”. En Beauchemin, C., Hamel, C. y Simon, P. (Eds.) Trajectories and Origins: Survey on the Diversity of the French Population (195-222). Paris: Springer, Col. INED Population Studies.

Campos, A. (2012). Racialización, racialismo y racismo: un discernimiento necesario. Universidad de la Habana 273, 184–199.

Campos, R. (2016). Authoritarianism and punitive eugenics: Racial hygiene and national Catholicism during Francoism, 1936-1945. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 23 (1), 131–148.

CEDRE (Consejo para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial o Étnica). (2020). Percepción de la discriminación por origen racial o étnico por parte de sus potenciales víctimas en 2020. Madrid: Ministerio de Igualdad, Subdirección General para la Igualdad de Trato y Diversidad Étnico Racial.

Chito Childs, E. (2014). A Global Look at Mixing: Problems, Pitfalls and Possibilities. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35 (6), 677–688.

Chun, E., Adrienne, L. (2015). Language and racialization. En Bonvillains, N. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Anthropology (220-232). New York: Routledge.

Cornejo, R. (Coord.) (2007). Memoria colonial e inmigración: la negritud en la España posfranquista. Barcelona: Bellaterra.

DaCosta, K. (2020). Multiracial Categorization, Identity, and Policy in (Mixed) Racial Formations. Annual Review of Sociology, 46. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054649

Deaux, K. (2018). Ethnic/Racial Identity: Fuzzy Categories and Shifting Positions. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 677 (1), 39–47.

Domingo, A. (2014). Catalunya al mirall de la immigració: Demografia i identitat nacional. Barcelona: Avenç.

Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism. An interdisciplinary theory. London: Sage.

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2018). Being Black in the EU/Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II). https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/eumidis-ii-being-black

Federación de Asociaciones de SOS Racismo. (2015). Puertas que se cierran. Testing sobre discriminación a la población inmigrante en el acceso a la vivienda de alquiler. Donostia: SOS Racismo. https://sosracismo.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Puertas-que-se-cierran-Testing.pdf

Federación de Asociaciones de SOS Racismo. (2019). Informe identificacions policials i perfilació ètnica a Catalunya. Barcelona: SOS Racisme. https://www.pareudepararme.org/informe-ca/

Flores, R. (2015). The Resurgence of Race in Spain: Perceptions of Discrimination among Immigrants. Social Forces, 94 (1), 237–269.

Foner, N. (2015). Is Islam in Western Europe Like Race in the United States? Sociological Forum, 30 (4), 885–899.

Gans, H. (2017). Racialization and racialization research. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40 (3), 341–352.

García Canclini, N. (1995). Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnessota Press.

Giliberti, L. (2013). La condición inmigrante y la negritud en la experiencia escolar de la juventud dominicana: estigmas y formas de agencia. Una etnografía transnacional entre la periferia de Barcelona y Santo Domingo. Tesis de Doctorado: Universidad de Lleida.

Gilliéron, G. (2017). Couples mixtes et transmissions familiales: la construction identitaire de jeunes adultes binationaux. Le carnet de recherche du Centre Jacques Berque. https://cjb.hypotheses.org/517

Golash–Boza, T. (2016). A Critical and Comprehensive Sociological Theory of Race and Racism. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2 (2), 1–13.

Goldberg, D. (2002). The Racial State. Malden: Blackwell.

Goldberg, D. (2006). Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29 (2), 331–364.

Gordon, M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gottschalk, P., Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the enemy. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield.

Grosfoguel, R. (2004). Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities?: Identitites within Global Coloniality. Ethnicities, 4 (3), 315–336.

Grosfoguel, R. (2007). The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political Economy Paradigms. Cultural Studies, 21 (2-3), 211–223.

Gross, D., Matthew, H. (2017). Racialization. En Turner, B.S., Kyung-Sup, C., Epstein, C.F., Kivisto, P., Ryan, J.M., y Outhwaite, W. (Eds.) The Encyclopedia of Social Theory. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

Hall, S. (1980). Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance. En Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism (305-345). Paris: UNESCO.

Hochman, A. (2019). Racialization: a defense of the concept. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42 (8), 1245–1262.

Hughey, M. (2017). Race and Racism: Perspectives from Bahá’í Theology and Critical Sociology. Journal of Bahá’í Studies, 27 (3), 7–56.

Hunter, M. (2007). The persistent problem of colorism: Skin tone, status, and inequality. Sociology Compass, 1 (1), 237–254.

Jenkins, R. (1997). Rethinking ethnicity. Arguments and explorations. London: SAGE.

Khanna, N. (2010). ‘If You’re Half Black, You’re Just Black:’ Reflected Appraisals and the Persistence of the One-Drop Rule. Sociological Quarterly, 51 (1), 96–121.

Lee, J., Frank, B. (2012). A Postracial Society or a Diversity Paradox? Race, Immigration, and Multiraciality in the Twenty-First Century. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 9 (2), 419–437.

Lentin, A. (2008). Europe and the Silence about Race. European Journal of Social Theory, 11 (4), 487–503.

Lentin, A. (2020). Why Race Still Matters. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Lewis, A. (2004). “What Group?” Studying Whites and Whiteness in the Era of Color-Blindness. Sociological Theory, 22 (4), 623–646.

Lewontin, R., Steven, R., Leon, K. (1985). Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon.

Martin, H., Derrick, H., Cedric, H., Verna, K., Melvin, T. (Wds.) (2017). Color Struck. How Race and Complexion Matter in the “Color-Blind” Era. Rotterdam, Boston and Taipei: Sense Publishers.

Mateo Dieste, J.L. (2018). Moros vienen. Historia y política de un estereotipo. Melilla: Instituto de las culturas.

Mazzocco, P. (2015). Talking productively about race in the colorblind era. Kirwan Institute Research Report. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.

Méchoulan, H. (1981). El honor de Dios. Indios, judíos y moriscos en el Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Argos Vergara.

Meer, N.(Ed.) (2014). Racialization and religion: Race, culture and difference in the study of antisemitism and Islamophobia. Ethnic and Racial Studies Series. Abingdon: Routledge.

Molina, J.L., Rodríguez-García, D. (2018). Ethnicity, Multiculturalism, and Transnationalism. En Callan, H. (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

Murji, K., Solomos, J. (Eds.) (2005). Racialization: Studies in Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.

Price, P. (2012). Race and Ethnicity II: Skin and other intimacies. Progress in Human Geography, 37 (4), 578–586.

Rodríguez-García, D. (2021). Forbidden Love: Controlling Partnerships Across Ethnoracial Boundaries. En Claude-Hélène, M., Vanderheiden, E. (Eds.) International Handbook of Love: Transcultural and Transdisciplinary Perspectives. Switzerland: Springer.

Rodríguez-García, D. (2015). Introduction: Intermarriage and Integration Revisited: International Experiences and Cross-disciplinary Approaches. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 662 (1), 8–36.

Simon, P. (2019). L’antiracisme et la race: colorblindness et privilège blanc. Les Possibles 21, Été 2019.

Song, M. (2014a). Does a Recognition of Mixed Race Move us Toward Post-Race? En Murji, J., Solomos, J. (Eds.) Theories of Race and Ethnicity: Contemporary Debates and Perspectives (15-36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Song, M. (2014b). Challenging a culture of racial equivalence. The British Journal of Sociology, 65 (1), 107–129.

Song, M. (2018). Why we still need to talk about race. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41 (6), 1131–1145.

Spencer, R. (2011). Reproducing Race: The Paradox of Generation Mix. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

St Louis, B. (2016). Can Race Be Eradicated? The Post Racial Problematic. En Murji, K., Solomos, J. (Eds.) Theories of Race and Ethnicity: Contemporary Debates and Perspectives (114-138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sue, D. (2010). Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Telles, E. (2014). Pigmentocracies. Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Waters, M. (1996). Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only? En Pedraza, S., Rumbaut, R.G. (Eds.) Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race and Ethnicity in America (444-454). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company

Biografía del autor/a

Dan Rodríguez-García, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona

Profesor Agregado Serra Hunter

Teresa Habimana Jordana, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

Investigadora predoctoral FI Departamento de Antropología Social y Cultural

Cristina Rodríguez Reche, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona

Investigadora postdoctoral del Departamento de Antropología Social y Cultural

Publicado

17-06-2021

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.