Macedonia’s Interests in Thrace and Conflicts with Athens
Abstract
From the late sixth century BC on, close connections between the political actors of Thrace, Hellespontine Phrygia, Persia, Athens, and, during their times of Greek supremacy, Sparta and Thebes are attested. When Macedonia advanced to the Hellespontine sphere, the basic understanding was ultimately disturbed. Aiming at controlling both sides of the straits, Philip could take the Phrygian satraps at the climax of their influence as an example and pursue a mirror-image policy. This paper explores the ways Philip’s connection with Artabazos may have provided him with insights into the political networks and structures in the area. It also considers the history of family ties between the Argeads and the family of Artabazos
Keywords
Artabazos, Hellespontine Phrygia, Macedonia, Philip II, ThraceReferences
ANDREWES, A. (1953): "The Generals in the Hellespont, 410-407 B.C.", JHS 73: 2-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/628231
ANSON, E. M. (1988): "Antigonus, the Satrap of Phrygia", Historia 37: 471-477.
ANTELA-BERNÁRDEZ, B. (2024): "Alexander and the Greeks," in D. OGDEN (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great, Cambridge: 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108888349.004
ARCHIBALD, Z. H. (1998): The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198150473.001.0001
ARCHIBALD, Z. H. (2010): "Greeks and Thracians. Geography and Culture", in H. TREZINY (ed.): Grecs et non Grecs de la Catalogue à la Mer Noire, Paris: 203-211. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pccj.666
ARCHIBALD, Z. H. (2020): "Thrace", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexikon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 498-502.
AVRAM, A. (2017): "Istros, la Thrace et les Perses à l'époque de Darius", in L. GALLO, B. GENITO (eds.): "Grecità di frontiera". Frontiere geografiche e culturali nell' evidenza storica e archeologica, Alessandria: 1-24.
BADIAN, E. (1983): "Philip II and Thrace", Pulpudeva 4: 51-77.
BALCER, J. M. (1988): "Persian occupied Thrace (Skudra)", Historia 37: 1-21.
BALLESTEROS PASTOR, L. (2012): "Los herederos de Artabazo. La satrapía de Dascilio en la tradición de la dinastía Mitridátida", Klio 94: 366-379. https://doi.org/10.1524/klio.2012.0019
BRAUND, D. (2007): "Black Sea Grain for Athens? From Herodotus to Demosthenes", in V. GABRIELSEN - J. LUND (eds.): The Black Sea in Antiquity, Aarhus: 39-68.
BECKMAN, D. (2020): "Law, Mercy, and Reconciliation in the Achaemenid Empire", JAH 8: 127-151. https://doi.org/10.1515/jah-2019-0034
BIANCO, E. (2002): "Carete, cane del popolo?", AncSoc 32: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2143/AS.32.0.54
BINDER, C. (2021): "From Darius II to Darius III", in B. JACOBS - R. ROLLINGER (eds.): A Companion to Achaemenid Persia. Vol. I, Oxford: 457-471. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119071860.ch32
BRIANT, P. (1996): Histoire de l'empire perse de Cyrus à Alexandre, Paris.
BROSIUS, M. (2003): "Alexander and the Persians", in J. ROISMAN (ed.): Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great, Leiden: 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217553_008
BROSIUS, M. (2021): A History of Ancient Persia. The Achaemenid Empire, Oxford.
BROWN, M. K. (2002): The Narratives of Konon. Text, Translation and Commentary of the Diegeseis, Munich.
BRUNT, P. A. (1962): "Persian Accounts of Alexander's Campaigns", CQ 12: 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838800011691
BUCK, R.J. (1998): Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy: The Life of an Athenian Statesman, Stuttgart.
BUCKLER, J. (2003): Aegean Greece in the Fourth Century BC, Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047400103
CARNEY, E. D. (2000): Women and Monarchy in Macedonia, Norman.
CARNEY, E. D. (2017): "Argead Marriage Policy", in S. MÜLLER et al. (eds.): The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives, Wiesbaden: 139-150. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbcd2nw.13
CARNEY, E. D. (2020): "Marriage Policy", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexicon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 331-335.
CHANIOTIS, A. (2005): "Ein missverstandenes Ritual der griechischen Diplomatie: Geschichte als Argument", in C. AMBOS et al. (eds.): Die Welt der Rituale. Von der Antike bis heute, Darmstadt: 106-109.
DANDAMAEV, M. A. (1986): "Ariobarzanes", EncIr 2.4: 406.
DEBORD, P. (1999): L'Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412-323 a.C.). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques, Paris. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ausonius.8892
DEVELIN, R. (1989): Athenian Officials, 684-321 B.C., Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511552625
DIMOVA, B. (2018-2019): "Archaeology in Macedonia and Thrace", Archaeological Reports 65: 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0570608419000073
DJURSLEV, C.T. (2024): "Callisthenes, Chares, Nearchus, Onesicritus, and the Mystery of the Royal Journals," in D. OGDEN (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great, Cambridge: 406-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108888349.026
DREWS, R. (1993): "Myths of Midas and the Phrygian Migration from Europe", Klio 75: 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1524/klio.1993.75.75.9
EICH, A. (2021): "Die Geo-Ökonomie des ersten attischen Seebundes". in: W. RIESS (ed.): Colloquia Attica II. Neuere Forschungen zu Athen im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Stuttgart: 51-77.
FINN, J. (2024): "Urbicide, Memory Sanctions, and the Perso-Macedonian Dynasty: The Destruction of Thebes and Persepolis in the Reign of Alexander the Great", in J. REAMES - G. WRIGHTSON (eds.):
Macedon and Its Influences: Narratives of Politics of War in Honor of Edward M. Anson, Leuven: 71-103.
FUNKE, P. (1998): "Athen und Kleinasien im 4. Jh. v. Chr.", Kadmos 37: 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1515/kadm.1998.37.1-2.211
GABRIELSEN, V. (2007): "Trade and Tribute: Byzantion and the Black Sea Straits", in V. GABRIELSEN - J. LUND (eds.): The Black Sea in Antiquity, Aarhus: 287-324.
GABRIELSEN, V (2015): "Naval and Grain Networks and Associations", in C. TAYLOR - K. VLASSOPOULOS (eds.): Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World, Oxford: 177-212. https://
doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198726494.003.0008
GAZZANO, F. (2019): "Greek Ambassadors and the Rhetoric of Supplication. Some Notes", Ktema 44: 53-69. https://doi.org/10.3406/ktema.2019.2563
GREENWALT, W. S. (1985): "The Introduction of Caranus into the Argead King List", GRBS 26: 43-49.
HAJDÚ, I. (2002): Kommentar zur 4. Philippischen Rede des Demosthenes, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110888904
HAMMOND, N. G. L. (1989): The Macedonian State. The Origins, Institutions, and History, Oxford.
HAMEL, D. (1989): Athenian Generals. Military Authority in the Classical Period, Leiden.
HARRIS, E. M. (1989): "Iphicrates at the Court of Cotys", AJPH 110: 264-271. https://doi.org/10.2307/295177
HATZOPOULOS, M. B. (2020): Ancient Macedonia, Berlin, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110718683
HECKEL, W. (2019): "Artabazos in the Lands beyond the Caspian", Anabasis 9: 93-109.
HECKEL, W. (2021): Who's Who in the Age of Alexander. From Chaironeia to Ipsos (338-301 B.C.), Barnsley.
HEINRICHS, J. (1989): Ionien nach Salamis. Die kleinasiatischen Griechen in der Politik und politischen Reflexion des Mutterlands, Bonn.
HEINRICHS, J. (2020a): "Achaimenids", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexikon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 32-37.
HEINRICHS, J. (2020b): "Alexander I", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexikon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 55-60.
HEINRICHS, J. (2020c): "Hellespont", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds): Lexikon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 251-253.
HEINRICHS, J. (2021): "The Economics of War", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds): A Companion to Greek Warfare, Oxford: 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119438847.ch20
HESKEL, J. (1997): The North Aegean Wars, 371-360 B.C., Stuttgart.
HORNBLOWER, S. (1991): A Commentary on Thucydides. Vol. I, Oxford.
HYLAND, J. O. (2022): "Artabazos and the Rhodians", Ktèma 47: 121-134.
JACOBS, B. (1994): Die Satrapienverwaltung im Perserreich zur Zeit Dareios' III., Wiesbaden.
JORDANOV, K. (1995): "The Wars of the Odrysian Kingdom against Philip II (352-339 BC)", Balcanica 26: 153-173.
KALLET, L. (1983): "Iphikrates, Timotheos, and Athens, 371-360 B.C.", GRBS 24: 239-252.
KENNELL, N. M. (2010): Spartans. A New History, Oxford.
LAMBERT, S. (2018): Inscribed Athenian Laws and Decrees in the Age of Demosthenes, Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352490
LANDUCCI GATTINONI, F. (1994): "I mercenari nella politica ateniese dell'età di Alessandro: Parte I Soldati e ufficiali mercenari ateniese al servizio della Persia", AncSoc 25: 33-61. https://doi.org/10.2143/AS.25.0.2005841
LERNER, J. D. (2017): "Persia, Thrake, and Skudra", in S. MÜLLER et al. (eds.): The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives, Wiesbaden: 7-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbcd2nw.4
LOUKOPOULOU, L. D. (2004): "Thracian Chersonesos", in M. H. HANSEN - T. H. NIELSEN (eds.): An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: 900-911. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198140993.003.0058
LOUKOPOULOU, L. D. (2011): "Macedonia in Thrace", in R. LANE FOX (ed.): Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon, Leiden: 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004209237_024
LOUKOPOULOU, L. D.; LAITAR, A. (2004): "Propontic Thrace", in M. H. HANSEN - T. H. NIELSEN (eds.): An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: 912-923. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198140993.003.0059
MACDOWELL, D. M. (2000): Demosthenes. On the False Embassy (Oration 19), Oxford.
MACDOWELL, D. M. (2009): Demosthenes the Orator, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287192.001.0001
MAFFRE, F. (2007): "Indigenous Aristocracies in Hellespontine Phrygia", in C. TUPLIN (ed.): Persian Responses. Political and Cultural Interactions with(in) the Achaemenid Empire, Swansea: 117-147. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvnb3j.11
MIRÓN, M.-I. (2014): "The Odrysian Kingdom and the Peloponnesian War", in V. ILIESCU - D. NEDU (eds.): Graecia, Roma, Barbaricum. In memoriam Vasile Lica, Galatzi: 127-132.
MANOLEDAKIS, M. (2016): "From Macedonia to Anatolia. Some Comments on the Phrygians and their Migration", ἠχάδιν 2: 49-72.
MÜLLER, S. (2010): "Philip II", in J. ROISMAN - I. WORTHINGTON (eds.): A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Oxford: 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327519.ch9
MÜLLER, S. (2017): Perdikkas II., Retter Makedoniens, Berlin.
MÜLLER, S. (2019a): Alexander der Große. Eroberung - Politik - Rezeption, Stuttgart. https://doi.org/10.17433/978-3-17-031347-7
MÜLLER, S. (2019b): "Persia in Defense, the Athenian Connection, and the Family of Pharnabazos", Anabasis 10: 271-294.
MÜLLER, S. (2020a): "Amyntas I", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.), Lexicon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 80-83.
MÜLLER, S. (2020b): "Foundation Myth", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexikon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 236-240.
MÜLLER, S. (2020c): "Memnon of Rhodos", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexikon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 337-339.
MÜLLER, S. (2020d): "Argead Macedonia and the Aegean Sea", RicEll 1: 9-20.
MÜLLER, S. (2022): "Marsyas of Pella and Phrygia", Electrum 28: 39-51. https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.22.004.15774
MÜLLER, S. (2023): "Blood runs in the Family - Artabazos and the Resistance to the Macedonian Invasion", in M. B. GARRISON - W. M. F. HENKELMAN (eds.): The Persian World and Beyond, Münster: 385-402. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.18654708.17
MÜLLER, S. (2024): "Athens' 'Fab Four' in the Hellespont and the Importance of Networks", in K. RUFFING et al. (eds.): Navigating the Worlds of History Studies in Honor of Robert Rollinger on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, Vol. I, Wiesbaden: 333-352.
MUNN, M. (2008): "Alexander, the Gordian Knot, and the Kingship of Midas", in T. HOWE - J. REAMES (eds.): Macedonian Legacies, Claremont: 107-144.
OLBRYCHT, M. J. (2010): "Macedonia and Persia", in J. ROISMAN - I. WORTHINGTON (eds.): A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Oxford: 342-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327519.ch17
PESELY, G.-E. (1989): "Hagnon", Athenaeum 67: 191-209.
POWNALL, F. (2020a): "Archelaos", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexicon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 94-99.
POWNALL, F. (2020b): "Athens", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexicon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 125-128.
POWNALL, F. (2021): "Internal Wars from the 'First Peloponnesian War' to Chaeronea", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): A Companion to Greek Warfare, Oxford: 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119438847.ch3
PRANDI, L. (1985): Callistene. Uno storico tra Aristotele e i re macedoni, Milano.
PSOMA, S. E. (2014): "Athens and the Macedonian Kingdom from Perdikkas II to Philip II", REA 116: 133-144. https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.2014.5863
REHM, E. (2010): "The Impact of the Achaemenids on Thrace: A Historical Review", in J. NIELING - E. REHM (eds.): Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea. Communication of Powers, Aarhus: 137-160.
RHODES, P. J.; OSBORNE, R. (2003): Greek Historical Inscriptions: 404-323 BC, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198153139.book.1
ROBINSON, D. M. (1938): "Inscriptions from Macedonia, 1938", TAPA 69: 43-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/283170
ROISMAN, J. (2010): "Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III", in J. ROISMAN - I. WORTHINGTON (eds.): A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Oxford: 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327519.ch8
ROLLER, L. E. (1983): "The Legend of Midas", ClAnt 2: 299-313. https://doi.org/10.2307/25010800
ROP, J. (2018): "The Assassination of Tissaphernes: Royal Responses to Military Defeat in the Achaemenid Empire", in B. TURNER - J. H. CLARK (eds.): Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in the Ancient Mediterranean Society, Leiden: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004355774_004
ROP, J. (2019): Greek Military Service in the Ancient Near East, 401-330 BCE, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108583350
RUSSELL, T. (2016): Byzantium and the Bosporus. A Historical Study, from the Seventh Century BC until the Foundation of Constantinople, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790525.001.0001
RUZICKA, S. (1988): "War in the Aegean, 333-331 B.C.: A Reconsideration", Phoenix 42: 131-151. https://doi.org/10.2307/1088230
RUZICKA, S. (2012): Trouble in the West. Egypt and the Persian Empire 525-323 BCE, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199766628.001.0001
SCHWENK, C. J. (1985): Athens in the Age of Alexander. The Dated Laws and Decrees of the Lykourgan Era, 338-322 B.C., Chicago.
SEALEY, R. (1993): Demosthenes and his Time. A Study in Defeat, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079289.001.0001
SEARS, M. A. (2013): Athens, Thrace, and the Shaping of Athenian Leadership, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139343817
SEARS, M. A. (2015): "Athens", in J. VALEVA et al. (eds.): A Companion to Ancient Thrace, Oxford: 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878248.ch20
SHABAZI, A. S. (1986): "Ariobarzanes 2", EncIr 2 (4): 406-409.
SHAYEGAN, M. R. (2007): "Prosopographical Notes: The Iranian Nobility during and after the Macedonian Conquest", BAI 21: 97-126.
SORABELLA, J. (2007): "A Satyr for Midas: The Barberini Faun and Hellenistic Royal Patronage", ClAnt 26: 219-248. https://doi.org/10.1525/ca.2007.26.2.219
TRITLE, L. A. (2010): A New History of the Peloponnesian War, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315677
TSIAFAKI, D. (2020): "The Northern Aegean", in F. DE ANGELIS (ed.): A Companion to Greeks across the Ancient World, Oxford: 409-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118341339.ch19
TZVETKOVA, J. (2007): "The War over the Chersonese. Zur Chronologie und Periodisierung des athenisch-odrysischen Konflikts um die thrakische Chersones", in Thrace in the Graeco-Roman World, Athens: 658-668.
VASILEV, M. I. (2015): The Policy of Darius I and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia, Leiden.
VASILEV, M. I. (2016): "The Date of Herodotus' Visit to Macedonia", AWE 15: 31-51.
VASSILEVA, M. (1997): "King Midas: between the Balkans and Asia Minor", DHA 23: 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1997.2349
VASSILEVA, M. (2007): "King Midas and the Early History of Macedonia", AM 7: 773-779.
VASSILEVA, M. (2015): "Persia", in J. VALEVA et al. (eds.): A Companion to Ancient Thrace, Oxford: 320-336. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878248.ch21
WEISKOPF, M. N. (1989): The So-Called 'Great Satrap's Revolt'. 366-360 B.C., Stuttgart.
WEISKOPF, M. N. (1994): "Dascylium", EncIr 7.1: 85-90.
WEISSENBERGER, M. (2019): "Demosthenes als Redepraktiker und Kämpfer für die Polis", in. C. TORNAU - M. ERLER (eds.): Handbuch Antike Rhetorik, Berlin: 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110318234-007
WIESEHÖFER, J. (2006): "'Keeping the Two Sides Equal.' Thucydides, the Persians, and the Peloponnesian War", in A. RENGAKOS - A. TSAKMAKIS (eds.): Brill's Companion to Thucydides, Leiden: 657-667. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047404842_027
WIRTH, G. (1985): Philip II. Geschichte Makedoniens 1, Stuttgart.
WIRTH, G. (1999): Hypereides, Lykurg und die αὐτονομία der Athener. Ein Versuch zum Verständnis einiger Reden der Alexanderzeit, Wien.
WIRTH, G. (2020): "Philip II", in W. HECKEL et al. (eds.): Lexicon of Argead Makedonia, Berlin: 415-420.
WORTHINGTON, I. (2008): Philip II of Macedon, Oxford.
WORTHINGTON, I. (2012): Demosthenes of Athens and the Fall of Classical Greece, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199931958.001.000
XYDOPOULOS, I. K. (2012): "Anthemus and Hippias: The Policy of Amyntas I", ICS 37: 21-37. https://doi.org/10.5406/illiclasstud.37.0021
XYDOPOULOS, I. K. (2010): "The Odrysian Kingdom after Philip II; Greek- and Self-Perception", Eirene 46: 213-222.
ZACCARIA, P. (2016): "Rediscovering Theopompos: Neglected Evidence in the Meropis", Aevum 90: 51-70.
ZAHRNT, M. (1992): "Der Mardonioszug des Jahres 492 v. Chr. und seine historische Einordnung", Chiron 22: 237-279.
ZAHRNT, M. (2015): "Early History of Thrace to the Murder of Kotys I (360 BC)", in J. VALEVA et al. (eds.): A Companion to Ancient Thrace, Oxford: 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878248.ch4
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2024 Sabine Müller
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
