Adjectives in Heritage Spanish
Abstract
Ordering of predicative adjectives within the Noun Phrase varies cross linguistically in systematic ways (Cinque 2010). In Spanish adjectival ordering exhibits more flexibility than in English. To test the extent to which the stricter word order in English affects Spanish adjectival ordering, 35 heritage bilingual Spanish speakers living in an English dominant environment were asked to judge adjectival word orders and interpret adjective elisions. Results indicate acceptance of adjectival ordering involving roll up movement (Cinque 2010), not possible in English. They also show the ability to interpret elisions in contexts involving the same type of movement. These results provide evidence for the availability of flexible ordering in Spanish even among Spanish-English bilinguals.
Keywords
adjectives, postnominal, heritage Spanish, stackingReferences
Anderson, Bruce. 2001. Adjective position and interpretation in L2 French. In J. Camps & Caroline Wiltshire (eds.), Romance Syntax, Semantics and their L2 Acquisition, 27–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.216.05and
Anderson, Bruce. 2008. Forms of evidence and grammatical development in the acquisition of adjective position in L2 French. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 30: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263108080017
Androutsopoulou, Antonia, Español-Echevarría, Manuel & Prévost, Philippe. 2008. On the acquisition of the prenominal placement of evaluative adjectives in L2 Spanish. In J. Bruhn de Garavito & E. Valenzuela (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 10th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. 1–12. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Bernstein, Judy. 1991. DP’S in French and Walloon: Evidence for parametric variation In nominal head movement. Probus 3: 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1515/prbs.1991.3.2.101
Bernstein, Judy. 1993a. Topics in the syntax of nominal structure across Romance. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
Bernstein, Judy. 1993b. The syntactic role of word markers in null nominal constructions. Probus 5: 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/prbs.1993.5.1-2.5
Bosque, Ignacio & Picallo, Carme. 1996. Postnominal adjectives in Spanish DPs. Journal of Linguistics, 32: 349–385. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700015929
Brucart, José María. 1987. La elisión en español. Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona.
Bruhn de Garavito, Joyce & Lydia White. 2002. L2 acquisition of Spanish DPs: the status of grammatical features. In A. T. Pérez-Leroux & J. Liceras (eds.), The acquisition of Spanish morphosyntax: The L1/L2 connection. 153–178. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0291-2_6
Camacho, José. 2018. The interpretation of adjective-N sequences in Spanish heritage. Languages 3: 46, https://doi.org/10.3390/languages3040046
Cinque, Guglielmo. 2010. The Syntax of Adjectives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Duffield, Nigel & White, Lydia. 1999. Assessing L2 knowledge of Spanish clitic placement: Converging methodologies. Second Language Research, 15: 133–160, https://doi.org/10.1191/026765899668237583
Gess, Randall & Julia Herschensohn. 2001. Shifting the DP parameter: A study of anglophone French L2ers. In Joaquim Camps & Wiltshire, Caroline (eds.), Romance syntax, semantics and their L2 acquisition. 105–119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.216.10ges
Gertken, Libby M., Amengual, Mark, & Birdsong, David. 2014. Assessing language dominance with the bilingual language profile. In P. Leclercq, A. Edmonds & H. Hilton (eds.), Measuring L2 proficiency. Perspectives from SLA. 208-225. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092291-014
Higgins, F. Roger. 1973. The pseudo-cleft construction in English. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Kornfeld, Laura & Saab, Andrés. 2004. Nominal ellipsis and morphological structure in Spanish. In R. Bok-Bennema, B. Hollebrandse, B. Kampers-Manhe & P. Sleeman (eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 2002: Selected papers from ‘Going Romance’, Groningen, 28–30 November 2002. 183-199. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.256.11kor
Kupisch, Tanja, & Rothman, Jason. 2018. Terminology matters! Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22: 564–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006916654355
Lamarche, Jacques. 1991. Problems for N°-Movement to Num-P. Probus, 33: 215–236. https://doi.org/10.1515/prbs.1991.3.2.215
Lobeck, Anne. 1995. Ellipsis: Functional heads, licensing and identification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Montrul, Silvina. 2011. Introduction: The linguistic competence of heritage speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33: 155-161. Retrieved December 21, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44485999
Parodi, Teresa, Schwartz, Bonnie & Clahsen, Harald. 2004. On the L2 acquisition of the morphosyntax of German nominals. Linguistics 42: 669–705. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2004.022.
Perez-Cortes, Silvia, Putnam, Michael & Sánchez, Liliana. 2019. Differential access: Asymmetries in accessing features and building representations in heritage language grammars. Languages. 4:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4040081
Perez Leroux, Ana Teresa, Tough, Alexander, Pettibone, Erin & Chen, Crystal. 2020. Los adjetivos relacionales cercanos: Corpus evidence for adjective ordering restrictions in Spanish. Conference presentation. Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages 50.
Picallo, M. Carme. 2012. The Structure of the Noun Phrase. In J.I. Hualde, A. Olarrea & E. O’Rourke (eds.) Blackwell handbook of Hispanic linguistics 263-384. Hoboken: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118228098.ch14
Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1989. Verb movement, universal grammar, and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20: 365-424.
Putnam, Michael & Sánchez, Liliana. 2013. What’s so incomplete about incomplete acquisition? - A prolegomenon to modeling heritage language grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3: 378-504. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.3.4.04put
Rothman, Jason, Judy, Tiffany, Guijarro-Fuentes, Pedro & Pires, Acrisio. 2010. On the (un)-ambiguity of adjectival modification in Spanish determiner phrases: Informing debates on the mental representations of L2 Syntax. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32: 47–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263109990258
Saab, Andrés. 2010. (Im)possible deletions in the Spanish DP. Iberia 2: 45-83.
Sánchez, Liliana. 1996. Syntactic Structures in Nominals: A Comparative Study of Spanish and Southern Quechua. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Sánchez, Liliana. 2020. Adjetivos atributivos postnominales y estructuras predicativas / Postnominal attributive adjectives and predicate structures. Cuadernos de la Alfal. 12(2): 535-551
Ticio, Emma. 2010. Locality domains in the Spanish determiner phrase. London/New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3398-7
Ticio, Emma. 2016. Nominal ellipsis as a collaborative effort. Borealis (Tromsø), 5: 221. https://doi.org/10.7557/1.5.2.3130
Valdés, Guadalupe. 2000. Introduction. In N. Anderson (ed.), AATSP professional development series handbook for teachers K-16: Vol. 1. Spanish for native speakers.1-20. New York: Harcourt.
Wiener, Seth & Tokowicz, Natasha. 2019. Language proficiency is only part of the story: Lexical access in heritage and non-heritage bilinguals. Second Language Research. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658319877666
Zagona, Karen. 2000. The syntax of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Published
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2021 Liliana Sanchez, Jose Camacho

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.