El oxímoron del bienestar animal enjaulado: un estudio de caso en la industria australiana de la carne de conejo enjaulado
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio es investigar cómo se aplica el enfoque actual de regulación del bienestar animal en Australia a los conejos domesticados con énfasis en los conejos utilizados para la carne. Se examina de forma crítica el régimen de bienestar animal de Australia al evaluar la efectividad del Código modelo de práctica para el bienestar animal: Intensive Husbandry of Rabbits (MCOPIHR) (cría intensiva de conejos) y las Cinco Libertades (Five Freedoms) en la práctica y lo que significan para el bienestar real de los conejos en las granjas de carne. Los conocimientos científicos recientes sobre el comportamiento de los animales nos informan que mantener a cualquier animal en confinamiento extremo, como en el que se encuentran los conejos utilizados para carne en granjas intensivas, conlleva serios problemas de bienestar que resultan en sufrimiento físico y psicológico. Es en este contexto que esta tesis cuestiona si el concepto de bienestar animal en la industria de la carne de conejo enjaulado es en realidad un oxímoron. Esta tesis se basa en el trabajo del enfoque etológico de Bekoff y Pierce para apoyar mi crítica de las prácticas de bienestar animal en la industria de carne de conejo de Australia. También utilizo la teoría de Garner sobre el cambio incremental en la reforma del bienestar animal, en la que defiende el uso del conocimiento actual sobre bienestar animal para ampliar los límites de lo que se considera "sufrimiento innecesario", como un impulsor social para un cambio moral dirigido a llevar a cabo una reforma jurídica. Para complementar la teoría política de Garner sobre el cambio incremental, implemento el enfoque de Spira para la defensa, como herramientas prácticas para realizar el cambio.
Palabras clave
Bienestar animal, industria de la carne de conejo, Código modelo de práctica, Cinco Libertades, etología, conejos domesticados, incoherencias de la ley.Citas
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Legislation
Legislation
Australian Capital Territory
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)
Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 (ACT)
Queensland (Qld)
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
Biosecurity Act 2014 (Qld)
Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002 (Qld)
Rabbit Act of 1880 (Qld)
New South Wales (NSW)
Animal Research Act 1985 (NSW)
Animal Research Regulation 2010 (NSW).
Biosecurity Act 2015 (NSW)
Biosecurity Amendment (Pest Management) Regulation 2018 (NSW)
Companion Animal Act 1998 (NSW)
Companion Animals Regulation 2008 (NSW)
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)
Exhibited Animals Protection Act 1986 (NSW)
Exhibited Animals Protection Regulation (NSW) 2010
Food Act 2003 (NSW)
Food Regulation 2015 (NSW)
Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (NSW)
Local Lands Services Act 2013 (NSW)
Meat Industry Act 1978 (NSW)
Meat Industry Amendment Act 1998 (NSW)
Pastures and Stock Protection Act 1880 (NSW)
Pastures Protection Act 1912 (NSW)
Pastures Protection Act 1934 (NSW)
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Regulations 2012 (NSW)
Rabbit Destruction Ordinance 1919 (NSW)
Rabbit Nuisance Act 1883 (NSW)
Rabbit Act 1890 (NSW)
Rural Lands Protection Act 1989 (NSW)
Rural Lands Protection Regulation 1990 (NSW)
Northern Territory (NT)
Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT)
Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2006 (NT)
South Australia (SA)
Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA)
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA)
Rabbit Destruction Act 1875 (SA)
Tasmania
Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas)
Rabbit Destruction Act 1871 (Tas)
Vermin Control Act 2000 (Tas)
Victoria (Vic)
Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (Vic)
Domestic Animal Act 1994 (Vic)
Domestic Animals Regulations 2015 (Vic)
Meat Industry Act 1993(Vic)
Meat Industry (Amendment) Regulations 1998 (Vic)
Meat Industry Regulations 2015 (Vic)
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (further amendment) Regulation 2004 (Vic)
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Regulation 2008 (Vic)
Rabbit Nuisance Suppression Act 1878 (Vic)
Western Australia (WA)
Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976 (WA)
Agriculture and Related Resources Protection (Declared Animals) Regulations 1985 (WA)
Agriculture Protection Board Act 1950 (WA)
Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)
Animal Welfare (General) Regulations 2003 (WA)
Animal Resources Authority Act 1981 (WA)
Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (WA)
Destruction of Rabbits Act 1883 (WA)
Food Regulations 2009 (WA)
Western Australian Meat Industry Authority Act 1976 (WA)
Other Legislative Instruments
Animal Health Australia, Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines-Land Transport (Commonwealth of Australia, Edition 1, Version 1.1, 2012).
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Standard for the Hygienic Production and Transportation of Meat and Meat Products for Human Consumption FRSC Technical Report No 3 AS 4696 2007 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2007).
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Primary Industries Standing Committee (Cth), Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Animals at Saleyards (PISC Report Series 31, 1991).
CSIRO Publishing and Primary Industry Standing Committee (Cth), Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Intensive Husbandry of Rabbits (Primary Industries Report Series 33, 2003).
Department of Agriculture (NSW) ARRP Guideline 18: Guidelines for the Housing of Rabbits in Scientific Institutions, 2003 (State of New South Wales, 2003).
Department of Agriculture (Vic), Code of Practice for the Intensive Husbandry of Rabbits (State of Victoria).
Department of Agriculture (Vic) Code of practice for the use of animals from municipal pounds in scientific procedures, 1988 (State of Victoria, 1988).
Department of Agriculture (Vic),Code of Practice for the Operation of Pet shops (State of Victoria).
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Australian Animal Welfare Strategy-AAWS and National Implementation Plan 2010-14, <http://www.agriculture.gov.au/animal/welfare/aaws/australian-animal-welfare-strategy-aaws-and-national-implementation-plan-2010-14>.
Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (Vic) Code of Practice for the Operation of Breeding and Rearing Businesses 2018 (State of Victoria, 2018).
Department of Primary Industries (Vic) Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Guinea Pigs and Rabbits, 2004 (State of Victoria, 2004).
Department of Primary Industries (NSW), Animal Welfare Code of Practice – Breeding Dogs and Cats 2009 (State of New South Wales, 2009)
Department of Primary Industries (NSW), Animal Welfare Code of Practice: Animals in Pet Shops 2008 (State of New South Wales, 2008).
Department of Primary Industries (NSW), NSW Animal Welfare Code of Practice No 1 - Companion animal transport agencies, 1996 (State of New South Wales, 1996).
Department of Primary Industries (NSW), Rabbit farming: Planning and development control guidelines, environmental planning, section 7.1 (State of New South Wales, 1996). <https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/other-animals/rabbit-farming-planning>.
Department of Local Government and Regional Development (WA) The Code of practice for keeping of Rabbits in Western Australia, 2003 (State of Western Australia, 2003)
National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Code of Practice of the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes 7th Edition 2004 (National Health and Medical Research Council, 7th ed, 2004).
National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Code of Practice of the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes 8th Edition 2013 (National Health and Medical Research Council, 8th ed, 2013).
Primary Industries Standing Committee, Parliament of Australia, Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Pigs (PISC Report 92, Commonwealth of Australia, 3rd Edition, 2008) Appendix 3.
Other (Parliamentary Debates, News Media, Websites)
Parliamentary Debates
New South Wales, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 20 September 2016, 1224 (Melinda Pavey) <https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Hansard/Pages/HansardResult.aspx#/docid/HANSARD-1323879322-93143>.
News Media
ARROYO, A., Protestors Attack Whole Foods For Selling Rabbit Meat’ Eater Denver (online) 3 April 2015 <https://denver.eater.com/2015/4/3/8337615/protest-rabbit-meat-whole-foods-boulder>.
ATKINS, J., Australia’s Largest Rabbit Farm, ABC NorthCoast NSW (online) 2 October 2008 <http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/10/07/2380383.htm>.
BECKER, J., Calicivirus wipes out half of rabbit farmer’s stock in southern NSW, ABC News Rural 30 October 2015 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-10-30/calicivirus-wipes-out-rabbit-farm-in-southern-nsw/6900080>.
Channel Seven, The disturbing reality behind caged rabbits bred for their meat, 7News, 18 September 2016 (Bryan Seymour) <https://au.news.yahoo.com/the-disturbing-reality-behind-caged-rabbits-bred-for-their-meat-32652779.html#page1>.
EDWARDS, A., Rabbit meat disappearing from consumers’ tables as farmers struggle with spiralling costs, 21 April 2014 ABC News (online) <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-21/rabbit-meat-disappearing-from-australian-tables/5400586>.
LANE, K., Hop to it – its dinner time, Sydney Morning Herald (online) 23 May 2010 <https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/hop-to-it---its-dinner-time-20100522-w32v.html>
MARX, A., Investors’ funds down the rabbit hole, The Courier Mail (online) 27 September <2010https://www.couriermail.com.au/business/kyogle-rabbit-farm-up-for-sale/news-story/828cd1b96c1f639a2f38cb7e5ad7eb93?sv=bdc7656df7ff977d1036b3d9f50b69b2>.
RYAN, C., Whole Foods Market halts sale of rabbit, GlobalMeat News (online) 20 September 2015 <https://www.globalmeatnews.com/Article/2015/09/21/Whole-Foods-Market-halts-sale-of-rabbit>.
STAIGHT, K., Breeding Rabbits, ABC Landline (online) 9 November <http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/landline/old-site/ content/2008/s2736433.htm>.
TWOMEY, S., Akubra dumps Australian rabbit suppliers for Russian rabbit skins, The Weekly Times (online) 8 July 2015 <https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/agribusiness/sheep/akubra-dumps-australian-rabbit-suppliers-for-russian-rabbit-skins/news-story/c28e7fcf4e32d8acdcfa27f8f47c5768;accessed>.
TWOMEY, S., Farmed rabbit on the fall in Australia as producer numbers drop, The Weekly Times (online) 2014 <http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/agribusiness/farmed-rabbit-on-the-fall-in-australia-as-producer-numbers-drop/ news-story/0823d9540dce1951d15314622591d251>.
TYNE, L., Saved by the poo: Rabbit manure the saviour for Western Australia’s only commercial rabbit producer, ABC News Rural (online) 23 March 2017 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-21/rabbit-meat-disappearing-from-australian-tables/5400586>.
Websites
Alex Greenwich Independent Member For Sydney, Rabbit Cruelty (2016) <http://www.alexgreenwich.com/rabbit_cruelty>.
Animal Liberation NSW, Rabbits (2017) <https://www.animal-lib.org.au/campaigns/animals-forfood/rabbits>.
Animal Ethics Infolink, Policies and Guidelines <https://www.animalethics.org.au/policies-and-guidelines>.
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
